Data Analysis and Forecasting of COVID-19 Pandemic in Kuwait Based on Daily Observation and Basic Reproduction Number Dynamics

Coronavirus (COVID-19) has continued to be a global threat to public health. When the coronavirus pandemic began early in 2020, experts wondered if there would be waves of cases, a pattern seen in other virus pandemics. The overall pattern so far has been one of increasing cases of COVID-19 followed by a decline, and we observed a second wave of increased cases and yet we are still exploring this pandemic. Hence, updating the prediction model for the new cases of COVID-19 for different waves is essential to monitor the spreading of the virus and control the disease. Time series models have extensively been considered as the convenient methods to predict the prevalence or spreading rate of the disease. This study, therefore, aimed to apply the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) modelling approach for predicting new cases of coronavirus (COVID-19). We propose a deterministic method to predict the basic reproduction number Ro of first and second wave transition of COVID-19 cases in Kuwait and also to forecast the daily new cases and deaths of the pandemic in the country. Forecasting has been done using ARIMA model, Exponential smoothing model, Holt's method, Prophet forecasting model and machine learning models like log-linear, polynomial and support vector regressions. The results presented aligned with other methods used to predict Ro in first and second waves and the forecasting clearly shows the trend of the pandemic in Kuwait. The deterministic prediction of Ro is a good forecasting tool available during the exponential phase of the contagion, which shows an increasing trend during the beginning of the first and second waves of the pandemic in Kuwait. The results show that support vector regression has achieved the best performance for prediction while a simple exponential model without trend gives good optimal results for forecasting of Kuwait COVID-19 data.

Maximal reproduction number estimation and identification of transmission rate from the first inflection point of new infectious cases waves: COVID-19 outbreak example.

The dynamics of COVID-19 pandemic varies across countries and it is important for​ researchers to study different kind of phenomena observed at different stages of the waves during the epidemic period. Our interest in this paper is not to model what happened during the endemic state but during the epidemic state. We proposed a continuous formulation of a unique maximum reproduction number estimate with an assumption that the epidemic curve is in form of the Gaussian curve and then compare the model with the discrete form and the observed basic reproduction number during the contagiousness period considered. Furthermore, we estimated the transmission rate from identification of the first inflection point of a wave of the curve of daily new infectious cases using the Bernoulli S-I (Susceptible-Infected) equation. We applied this new method to the real data from Cameroon COVID-19 outbreak both at national and regional levels. High correlation was observed between the socio-economic parameters and epidemiology parameters at regional level in Cameroon. Also, the method was applied to the second wave COVID-19 outbreak for the world data which is a period the phenomena we are considering were observed. Lastly, it was observed that the models presented results correspond with the epidemic dynamics in Cameroon and World data. We recommend that it is important to study what happened during the growth inflection point as some countries data did not climax.

Functional data analysis: Application to daily observation of COVID-19 prevalence in France

In this paper we use the technique of functional data analysis to model daily hospitalized, deceased, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) cases and return home patient numbers along the COVID-19 outbreak, considered as functional data across different departments in France while our response variables are numbers of vaccinations, deaths, infected, recovered and tests in France. These sets of data were considered before and after vaccination started in France. After smoothing our data set, analysis based on functional principal components method was performed. Then, a clustering using k-means techniques was done to understand the dynamics of the pandemic in different French departments according to their geographical location on France map. We also performed canonical correlations analysis between variables. Finally, we made some predictions to assess the accuracy of the method using functional linear regression models. © 2022 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press.

Approach to COVID-19 time series data using deep learning and spectral analysis methods

This article focuses on the application of deep learning and spectral analysis to epidemiology time series data, which has recently piqued the interest of some researchers. The COVID-19 virus is still mutating, particularly the delta and omicron variants, which are known for their high level of contagiousness, but policymakers and governments are resolute in combating the pandemic's spread through a recent massive vaccination campaign of their population. We used extreme machine learning (ELM), multilayer perceptron (MLP), long short-term neural network (LSTM), gated recurrent unit (GRU), convolution neural network (CNN) and deep neural network (DNN) methods on time series data from the start of the pandemic in France, Russia, Turkey, India, United states of America (USA), Brazil and United Kingdom (UK) until September 3, 2021 to predict the daily new cases and daily deaths at different waves of the pandemic in countries considered while using root mean square error (RMSE) and relative root mean square error (rRMSE) to measure the performance of these methods. We used the spectral analysis method to convert time (days) to frequency in order to analyze the peaks of frequency and periodicity of the time series data. We also forecasted the future pandemic evolution by using ELM, MLP, and spectral analysis. Moreover, MLP achieved best performance for both daily new cases and deaths based on the evaluation metrics used. Furthermore, we discovered that errors for daily deaths are much lower than those for daily new cases. While the performance of models varies, prediction and forecasting during the period of vaccination and recent cases confirm the pandemic's prevalence level in the countries under consideration. Finally, some of the peaks observed in the time series data correspond with the proven pattern of weekly peaks that is unique to the COVID-19 time series data.

Fractional order of pneumococcal pneumonia infection model with Caputo Fabrizio operator

In this study, we present the Pneumococcal Pneumonia infection model using fractional order derivatives in the Caputo-Fabrizio sense. We use fixed-point theory to prove the existence of the solution and investigate the uniqueness of the model variables. The fractional Adams-Bashforth method is used to compute an iterative solution to the model. Finally, using the model parameter values to explain the importance of the arbitrary fractional order derivative, the numerical results are presented.

Dynamic Model of COVID-19 and Citizens Reaction using Fractional Derivative

This paper presents dynamic model of COVID-19 and citizens reaction from a fraction of the population in Nigeria using fractional derivative. We consider the reported cases from February to June 2020 using fractional derivative. The Stability analysis of the model was carried out and the basic reproduction number was calculated via the next generation matrix. The fractional derivative model was solved numerically and many graphs presented accordingly which could serve as a yard-stick of reducing this menacing virus and policy making.